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翻訳と辞書　辞書検索 [ 開発暫定版 ] スポンサード リンク Thirty Tyrants ： ウィキペディア英語版 Thirty Tyrants The Thirty Tyrants (, ''oi triákonta týrannoi'') were a pro-Spartan oligarchy installed in Athens after its defeat in the Peloponnesian War in 404 BCE. Upon Lysander's request, the Thirty were elected as a government, not just as a legislative committee.〔Krentz, Peter. ''The Thirty at Athens'' p. 50 (hardcover ISBN 0801414504)〕 The Thirty Tyrants maintained power for thirteen months. Though brief, their reign resulted in the killing of 5% of the Athenian population, the confiscation of citizens' property, and the exile of other democratic supporters.〔Wolpert, Andrew. ''Remembering Defeat: Civil War and Civic Memory in Ancient Athens''. (hardcover ISBN 0-8018-6790-8).〕 They became known as the "Thirty Tyrants" because of their cruel and oppressive tactics. The two leading members were Critias and Theramenes.〔Xenophon, ''Hellenica'', (2.3.15–16 )〕 ==The rule of the Thirty== With Spartan support, the Thirty established an interim government in Athens. The Thirty were concerned with the revision and/or erasure of democratic laws inscribed on the wall next to the Stoa Basileios. Consequently, the Thirty reduced the rights of Athenian citizens in order to institute an oligarchical regime. The Thirty appointed a council of 500 to serve the judicial functions formerly belonging to all the citizens.〔(Aristotle, ''Athenian Constitution'', 35.1 (350 BCE). )〕 However, not all Athenian men had their rights removed. In fact, 3,000 Athenian men were chosen by the Thirty "to share in the government".〔Krentz, ''The Thirty at Athens''. p. 64〕 These hand-selected individuals were allowed to carry weapons, entitled to a jury trial, and able to reside within city limits.〔Xenophon, ''Hellenica'', 3.4.1〕 The list of the selected 3,000 was consistently revised.〔 Although little is known about these 3,000 men for a complete record was never documented, it is hypothesized that the Thirty appointed these select few because they were the only men the Thirty could find who were devotedly loyal to their regime.〔Krentz, ''The Thirty at Athens''. p. 65〕 The majority of Athenian citizens did not support the rule of the Thirty. The Thirty Tyrants, led by Critias, executed, murdered, and exiled many Athenians. Critias, who coincidentally was a former pupil of Socrates, was considered a cruel, frightening, and inhumane man who was "determined to remake the city to his own anti-democratic mold whatever the human cost."〔Linder, 2002, p. 213〕 The Thirty removed criminals as well as many ordinary citizens who were considered "unfriendly" to the new regime for expressing support of the democracy. One of the many that Critias sentenced to death was Theramenes who was forced to drink hemlock. Critias believed that Theramenes threatened the rule of the oligarchy, so he called him a conspirator and accused him of treason.〔Xenophon, ''Hellenica'', 2.3.56〕 According to Aristotle in the ''Athenian Constitution'', 1,500 of Athens' most prominent democrats were executed by the Thirty.〔 Many wealthy citizens were executed for the purpose of liquidating their assets, which were then distributed amongst the Thirty and their supporters.〔Xenophon ''Hellenica'' 2.4.1〕 They also hired 300 "lash-bearers" or whip-bearing men to intimidate Athenian citizens.〔 Of those exiled was the notable democratic supporter Thrasybulus who successfully led the revolt against the Thirty in 403 BCE. The Thirty's regime was not met with much overt opposition, although many Athenians disliked the new form of government. Amongst the larger Athenian population, those who did not approve of the implemented laws could either fight and risk exile or execution or accept the Thirty's rule.〔Krentz, ''The Thirty at Athens''. p. 69〕 Some supporters of democracy chose to fight and were exiled, among them, Thrasybulus, a trierarch in the Athenian navy. The coup that overthrew the Thirty was orchestrated by a group of exiles led by Thrasybulus. Critias was killed in the initial revolt.〔Xenophon, ''Hellenica'', 3.4.19〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Thirty Tyrants」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク 翻訳と辞書 : 翻訳のためのインターネットリソース Copyright(C) kotoba.ne.jp 1997-2016. All Rights Reserved.